Why are the light forms of various lamps divided into four categories?

The following are various categories:

First, according to the distribution characteristics of light in space classification:

 

1, direct type: more than 90% of the luminous flux is directly irradiated downward, high efficiency, but the upper half of the lamp has almost no luminous flux, and strong directivity leads to strong shadows. According to the light distribution curve, it is divided into five types: wide light type, uniform light type, matching light type, deep light type and extra deep light type.

 

2,Semi-direct type: most of the luminous flux (60-90%) of this type of lamp shoots to the lower hemisphere space, a small part of the shot above, the component of the shot above will reduce the hardness of the shadow generated by the lighting environment and improve the brightness ratio of its various surfaces.

 

3,Diffuse type (including direct-indirect type with little horizontal light) : the upward and downward luminous flux of the lamp is almost the same (40%-60% each). The most common is opal glass spherical lampshade, and other closed lampshades of various shapes that diffuse light also have similar light distribution. This kind of lamp throws the light evenly in all directions, so the light utilization rate is low.

 

4, semi-indirect type: the downward light of the lamp accounts for 10%-40%, its downward component is often only used to produce the brightness commensurate with the ceiling, too much or improper distribution of this component will also produce some defects such as direct or indirect glare. The upper open translucent cover falls into this category. They are mainly used as architectural decorative lighting, because most of the light is directed to the ceiling and upper walls, increasing the indirect light in the room, and the light is more soft and pleasant.

 

5, indirect type: a small part of the light of the lamp (less than 10%) down. When the design is good, all the ceiling becomes a lighting source, to achieve a soft shadowless lighting effect, because the lamp downward light pass is very little, as long as the layout is reasonable, direct glare and reflected glare are very small. The light pass utilization rate of this kind of lamps is lower than the previous four kinds.

Second, according to the structure of the lamp classification:

 

1, open type: the light source is directly connected with the outside space, there is no inclusion compound.
2, closed type: with a closed light transmission cover, but the lampshade can be naturally ventilated inside and outside.
3, closed type: the light transmission hood joint is generally closed, but the lampshade can be limited ventilation inside and outside.
4, closed type: the light transmission hood joint is tightly closed, but the air inside and outside the lampshade is tightly isolated. Such as waterproof and dustproof lamps.
5, explosion-proof type: light shield and joint with high strength support, can withstand the required pressure.
6, flameproof type: When there is an explosion inside the lamp, after a certain gap of the explosion-proof surface, it will not cause the external explosion of the lamp.
7, safe: in normal operation does not produce sparks, arc, or use safety measures on dangerous temperature parts, improve the safety factor.
8, shock-proof: can be installed on the vibration of the facility.

 

Three, according to the installation type:

1, wall lamp: installed on the wall, court column, mainly used for local lighting, decorative lighting or not suitable for the installation of lamps in the ceiling or no ceiling places. There are: cylinder type wall lamp, night wall lamp, mirror front wall lamp, pavilion type wall lamp, lantern type wall lamp, combined wall lamp, casting light wall lamp, suction wall fluorescent lamp, hall wall lamp, bedside rocker arm wall lamp, wall lamp, safety sign type wall lamp.

 

2, ceiling light: Ceiling light is the lamp suction attached to the ceiling surface, mainly used in the room without ceiling. Ceiling lights mainly include: combined square lights, crystal cap combined lights, chip combined lights, lantern ceiling lights, Hegrille lights, tube lights. Straight mouth straight edge lamp, beveled edge oblate lamp, pointy oblate lamp, spherical lamp, rectangular lamp, waterproof lamp, ceiling point source lamp, ceiling fluorescent lamp, ceiling light belt, ceiling bare bulb, etc. The ceiling light is widely used. Ceiling type luminescent belt is suitable for computer room, substation, etc. Ceiling fluorescent lamps are suitable for places with high illumination requirements; The closed ceiling lamp with cover is suitable for the place where the illumination requirement is not very high, it can effectively limit glare, beautiful appearance, but low luminous efficiency; Ceiling bare light bulb, suitable for common places, such as toilets, warehouses, etc.

 

3, embedded lights: embedded lights are suitable for the room with the ceiling, the lamp is embedded in the ceiling installation, this lamp can effectively eliminate glare, combined with the ceiling can form a beautiful decorative art effect. Embedded lights mainly include: round grille lamp, square grille lamp, square lamp, screw cap lamp, embedded grille fluorescent lamp, embedded protection fluorescent lamp, embedded ring fluorescent lamp, square glass piece embedded ceiling lamp, embedded point source lamp, shallow circular embedded flat top lamp, etc.

 

4, semi-embedded lamp: the semi-embedded lamp will be half or part of the lamp embedded in the ceiling, the other half or part of the exposed outside the ceiling, it is between the ceiling lamp and the embedded lamp. This lamp has the same effect of eliminating glare as the embedded lamp, but it is suitable for places where the ceiling depth is not enough, and it is more used in corridors and other places.

 

5, pendant lamp: Pendant lamp is the most common installation method of lamps, but also the most widely used one. It mainly uses derrick, chain, pipe and chandelier line to lift lamps and lanterns to achieve different effects. In shopping malls, business halls and other places, the use of derrick fluorescent lamps to form a regular pattern, not only to meet the requirements of lighting functions, but also to form a certain decorative art effect. The main chandeliers are: ball straight rod lamp, bowl cover chandelier, umbrella chandelier, moon cover chandelier, waist cover chandelier, lantern chandelier, combined crystal chandelier, three-ring chandelier, magnolia cover chandelier, flower basket cover chandelier, prism chandelier, chandelier point source lamp, etc. Chandelier with reflective cover, light distribution curve is better, illuminance concentration, suitable for higher places, classrooms, offices, design rooms. Pendant lamp is suitable for residential, bedroom, lounge, small warehouse, ordinary room, etc. Hanging pipe, chain lantern, suitable for decorative requirements of the room, such as hotels, restaurants, conference halls, large exhibition halls, etc.

 

6, footlights: footlights are mainly used in hospital wards, hotel rooms, public corridors, bedrooms and other places. The main function of the footlights is to illuminate the walkway and facilitate the walking of personnel. Its advantage is to avoid harsh light, especially when getting up at night to turn on the light, not only to reduce the impact of the light on their own, but also to reduce the impact of the light on others. Footlights are concealed in the wall, generally 0.2-0.4m from the ground. The light source of the footlamp is incandescent, and the shell is made of transparent or translucent glass or plastic, and some have metal protective mesh cover.

 

7, desk lamp: Desk lamp is mainly placed on the writing desk, workbench, reading table, as writing and reading. There are many kinds of table lamps, and the main dimming table lamps and fluorescent table lamps on the market at present. At present, there is also a popular type of decorative lamp, such as putting it on the decorative shelf or telephone table, can play a very good decorative effect, the lamp is generally not marked on the design drawing, only one to two power sockets can be set next to the desk and workbench.

 

8, floor lamp: Floor lamp is mostly used in senior rooms, hotels, rooms with coffee table sofas and family bedside or bookshelf. Some floor lamps are used alone, some are used in combination with floor fans, and some are used in combination with hangers. It is generally installed more in the space that requires local lighting or decorative lighting. Generally only leave the socket, not marked out in the design drawing.

9. Garden lights: Most of the garden lights or lampshades are installed upward, and most of the tubes and lampstands are installed on the court and courtyard floor; Especially suitable for parks, street gardens, hotels and industrial and mining enterprises, institutions and schools courtyard and other places. The garden lights mainly include: basin round garden lights, jade altar cover garden lights, flower ping column lights, four fork square cover garden lights, amber garden lights, flower bed column lights, hexagonal garden lights, ground flower round cover garden lights, etc. Some garden lights are installed in the lawn, and some are set according to the twists and turns of park roads and woods, which have a certain artistic effect.

 

10, road square lights: road square lights are mainly used for nighttime traffic lighting. Street lamps have high pole spherical street lamp, high pressure mercury lamp, double tube fluorescent lamp, high pressure sodium lamp, double waist drum lamp, floating high pressure mercury lamp and so on. Square lights are square tower lights, six fork square lights, tungsten iodide lamp, spherical column lamp, high pressure sodium column lamp, high pressure sodium floodlight, deep light tungsten halogen lamp, enamel oblique tungsten halogen lamp, etc. Road lighting - The use of high-pressure sodium lamps, high-pressure fluorescent lamps, etc., the purpose is to provide the necessary visual conditions for vehicles and pedestrians to prevent traffic accidents. The square lights are used in the square in front of the station, the square in front of the airport, the port, the dock, the bus station square, the overpass, the parking lot, the gathering square, the outdoor stadium, etc., and the square lights should be selected according to the shape and the use characteristics of the square.

 

11, mobile lights: Mobile lamps are often used in indoor and outdoor mobile workplaces and outdoor television, film photography and other places. Mobile lamps are mainly: deep light type special hanging lights, text type waterproof and dust-proof lights with protective nets, flat lights, mobile floodlights and so on. Mobile lamps have metal protective mesh cover or plastic protective cover.

 

12, automatic emergency lighting: automatic emergency lighting is suitable for hotels, restaurants, hospitals, theaters, shopping malls, banks, posts and telecommunications, basement, conference rooms, computer rooms, power stations, civil air defense, tunnels and other public places.

 

Emergency lights are used for emergency lighting, and can also be used for emergency evacuation, safety and disaster prevention and other important places. The automatic emergency lighting line is more advanced, stable performance, safe and reliable. When the AC power is connected, the power supply is normal, and the battery in the emergency lamp is slowly charged. When the AC power supply is cut off for some reason, the automatic switching system in the emergency light will automatically switch on the battery power supply for the light source lighting, and some lamps and lanterns will play sound at the same time, issuing evacuation shouts with indicative directions for the safe evacuation of personnel.

 

The types of automatic emergency lights are: lighting type, sound indication type, character pattern sign type, etc. According to its installation method, it can be divided into: chandelier, wall lamp, hanging light, ceiling light, downlight, floodlight, turning indicator light and other styles.

Four, Classification by light source type:

 

1. Lamps can be divided into lamps using self-ballasted bulbs. A self-ballasted bulb is a device containing a lamp holder and a light source combined with it and additional components necessary for the start and stable operation of the light source, which cannot be removed without being damaged. Common self-ballasted bulbs such as energy-saving lamps.

2, the use of tungsten lamps. Such as ordinary desk lamps, lights used on the shelves of shopping malls.
3. Use tubular fluorescent lamps. Such as the common fluorescent eye protection lamp.
4, the use of gas discharge lamps. Such as the use of high-pressure sodium lamps, HID lamps.
5. Use lamps with other light sources. With the continuous development of the lighting industry, new lighting devices have been invented, and the light source used in lamps has also broken through the traditional restrictions, and there have been lamps such as the use of LED light-emitting elements.

 

Five, according to the protection level of the shell:

 

According to the International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 529-598 and the national standard GB 7000-96, it is classified according to the degree of protection against foreign bodies and water intrusion, and IPXX indicates the protection level of the appliance internationally.

The first X represents the level of solid foreign body prevention, which is divided into 0 ~ 7 levels:

 

0: No protection (no special protection requirements)
1: Prevent foreign bodies greater than 50mm from entering - prevent large areas of objects from entering, such as palms
2: Prevent foreign bodies larger than 12mm from entering - prevent fingers and other objects from entering
3: Prevent foreign bodies larger than 2.5mm from entering -- prevent tools, wires, etc.;
4: Prevent foreign bodies greater than 1.0mm from entering - prevent wires, strips, etc., from entering the body
5: dust (to prevent the entry of foreign bodies less than 1.0mm) - do not allow excessive dust into the equipment can not work satisfactorily
6: Dust tight (complete dust) - no dust is allowed to enter

The second X represents the waterproof level, which is divided into 0 ~ 8 levels:

 

0: No protection - no special protection requirements
1: Prevent water droplets from entering - vertical drip drops should be harmless
2: Prevent the tilt of 15° water droplets - the normal position of the lamp and until the tilt of 15° when the vertical water droplets should be harmless
3: Prevent water from entering - the water spilled at a vertical Angle of 60° should be harmless
4: Prevent water from entering - splashing water on the lamp shell in any direction should be harmless
5: Prevent water from entering - water spraying on the lamp enclosure in any direction should be harmless;
6: Anti-wave entry - the water entering the lamp shell after strong water spraying does not damage the lamp
7: Water immersion - with a certain pressure, time to immerse the lamp, the water into the water should be harmless
8: anti-diving - under the specified conditions, the lamp can continue to be submerged in water without injury

Six, according to the protection of electric shock classification:

 

Lamps are generally divided into 0 class, Ⅰ class, Ⅱ class, Ⅲ class lamps according to the protection level of electric shock. Lamps with a rated voltage of more than 250V should not be classified as class 0, and lamps used in harsh conditions should not be classified as class 0. Rail mounted lamps should not be classified as class 0.

 

Class 0 luminaire

 

Lamps that rely on basic insulation as protection against electric shock. If the basic insulation fails, protection against electric shock will have to rely on the environment. It is generally used in situations with a high degree of safety and easy installation and maintenance of lamps, such as chandeliers and ceiling lamps under dry air, less dust, wood floors and other conditions.

 

2. Class I luminaire

 

Anti-shock protection of lamps not only relies on basic insulation, but also includes additional safety measures, that is, the easy to reach the conductive parts connected to the protective ground conductor in the fixed line, so that the accessible conductive parts will not be charged in case the basic insulation fails. Generally used for metal shell lamps, such as floodlights, street lamps, garden lights, etc., to improve safety.

 

3. Class II luminaire

 

Anti-shock protection not only relies on basic insulation, but also has additional safety measures, such as double insulation or reinforced insulation, but there is no protective grounding measures or rely on installation conditions, its good insulation, high degree of safety, suitable for poor environment, people often touch the lamp, such as lamp, hand lamp and so on.

 

4. Class III luminaire

 

The power supply used is a safety extra-low voltage (SELV), and no voltage higher than SELV is generated inside the luminaire. Lamps have the highest level of safety and are used in harsh environments, such as machine tool working lights, children's lights.

 

From the point of view of electrical safety, the safety degree of class 0 lamps is the lowest, class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ are higher, and class Ⅲ is the highest. Some countries have not allowed the production of 0 lamps, China has no such provisions. In the lighting design, the environmental operating object, frequency of use, installation and use of the location should be considered comprehensively, and the appropriate category of lamps should be selected. Class III lamps should be used in places with harsh conditions or methods of use, and class I or Class II lamps can be used under normal circumstances.